Milford, IA
#104 of 422 U.S. rack markets by terminals
- terminals
- 3
- pipeline systems delivering
- 2
- refineries confirmed
- 0
- more per research or by route
- 8
- people in the trade area
- 136,084
- gal/day gasoline · estimated demand
- 214,004
- gal/day diesel · estimated demand
- 86,591
Terminals in this market
| Terminal | TCN | Location | Delivered by |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jackson -Ngl | T-41-MN-3427 | Jackson, MN | no pipeline tariff on file |
| Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | T-42-IA-3467 | Milford, IA | Magellan Midstream |
| Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | T-42-IA-3466 | Milford, IA | NuStar Pipeline |
Pipelines delivering to this market
Each system with a tariff delivery point at one of this market’s terminals, and how many running refineries can ship on it to here.
| Pipeline system | Terminals here | Delivery points | Refineries confirmed | All reachable |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magellan Midstream | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| NuStar Pipeline | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Refineries that can supply this market
| Refinery | Location | Via | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHS McPherson Refinery | Mcpherson, KS | Magellan Midstream, NuStar Pipeline | per research |
| Flint Hills Resources Pine Bend Refinery | Saint Paul, MN | Magellan Midstream | per research |
| Phillips 66 Ponca City Refinery | Ponca City, OK | Magellan Midstream, NuStar Pipeline, Phillips 66 Pipeline | per research |
| Valero Ardmore Refinery | Ardmore, OK | Magellan Midstream | per research |
| Borger Refinery (WRB Refining / Phillips 66) | Borger, TX | Phillips 66 Pipeline | inferred (same city) |
| CVR Wynnewood Refinery | Wynnewood, OK | Magellan Midstream | inferred (same city) |
| Cenovus Superior Refinery | Superior, WI | Magellan Midstream | inferred (same city) |
| HF Sinclair El Dorado Refinery | El Dorado, KS | Magellan Midstream | inferred (same city) |
Trade area
- people in the trade area · 2025 estimate
- 136,084
- rank of 422 rack markets by people
- #348
- gallons of gasoline a day · estimate, 2025
- 214,004
- gallons of diesel a day · estimate, 2025
- 86,591
- counties wholly in this market
- 5
- counties shared with other markets
- 12
| County | State | Share here | People counted here | Gasoline gal/day | Diesel gal/day | County population | Miles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dickinson County | IA | 100% | 18,077 | 29,694 | 8,285 | 18,077 | 5 |
| Clay County | IA | 100% | 16,202 | 23,694 | 7,421 | 16,202 | 24 |
| Martin County | MN | 72% | 13,987 | 22,353 | 9,915 | 19,440 | 33 |
| Nobles County | MN | 50% | 11,093 | 16,517 | 8,387 | 22,338 | 36 |
| Buena Vista County | IA | 51% | 10,409 | 12,152 | 3,976 | 20,449 | 48 |
| Jackson County | MN | 100% | 9,857 | 25,040 | 14,729 | 9,857 | 17 |
| Emmet County | IA | 100% | 9,107 | 10,431 | 3,620 | 9,107 | 23 |
| Palo Alto County | IA | 100% | 8,899 | 12,288 | 5,137 | 8,899 | 34 |
| O'Brien County | IA | 44% | 6,230 | 8,205 | 3,374 | 14,220 | 35 |
| Kossuth County | IA | 41% | 5,832 | 8,467 | 3,222 | 14,322 | 48 |
| Cottonwood County | MN | 50% | 5,672 | 7,947 | 2,820 | 11,405 | 40 |
| Watonwan County | MN | 42% | 4,868 | 8,434 | 2,893 | 11,459 | 45 |
| Pocahontas County | IA | 58% | 3,952 | 6,752 | 2,968 | 6,819 | 53 |
| Osceola County | IA | 60% | 3,607 | 7,721 | 3,645 | 5,980 | 26 |
| Sac County | IA | 33% | 3,152 | 6,800 | 3,185 | 9,525 | 72 |
| Cherokee County | IA | 25% | 2,852 | 4,005 | 1,707 | 11,369 | 54 |
| Murray County | MN | 29% | 2,289 | 3,503 | 1,308 | 7,942 | 51 |
Fuel demand is an estimate: each state’s taxed gallons for the year (FHWA) are split among its counties by where the driving happens (EPA county vehicle miles, weighted by how much fuel each vehicle type burns), then shared to markets as above. Every state adds back to its FHWA total. Gasoline includes the ethanol blended into it; diesel is FHWA’s special fuels. Expect diesel to be least reliable along long-haul corridors, where trucks buy fuel in one county and burn it in another. Population: U.S. Census Bureau county estimates.
How good is it? Checked in October 2026 against the county retail sales Iowa and California publish: for gasoline, about 3–5% of gallons landed in the wrong rack market and a typical market was within 5–6%. For diesel, 14–21% landed in the wrong market and a typical market was 30–45% off, with truck-stop corridors such as Bakersfield and Stockton under-counted. Treat gasoline as a working estimate and diesel as a rough guide.
Cost to serve this market by pipeline
What it costs to move a gallon here from each pipeline origin at filed tariff rates: line-haul, the cost of financing the product on the way and in the tank, pipeline loss, and terminaling. It is a cost at filed rates, not a market price: add it to the origin spot price for a delivered cost. Lines marked "estimate" are placeholders until the pipeline or terminal figure is on file; in the routes table, * marks a figure taken from the tariff.
Gasoline: product adder
- ¢/gal · lowest adder
- 6.51
- ¢/gal · line-haul tariff · published
- 5.06
- ¢/gal · carrying cost · calculated
- 0.63
- ¢/gal · pipeline loss · published
- 0.16
- ¢/gal · terminaling · published
- 0.66
- days financed
- 11.9
Lowest route: from McPherson, KS on NuStar Pipeline to Milford, IA (FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100).
How the lowest adder is worked, line by line
| Line | ¢/gal | Basis | Source or working |
|---|---|---|---|
| Line-haul tariff | 5.058 | published | NuStar Pipeline FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100: McPherson, KS → Milford, IA, 212.43 ¢/bbl |
| Carrying cost | 0.629 | calculated | $3.260000/gal × 5.9000% ÷ 365 × 11.931 days (4.431 in transit, 2.50 waiting on the cycle, 5.00 in terminal inventory); transit estimated: 425 pipeline miles at 4.0 mph (general estimate) |
| Pipeline loss | 0.163 | published | NuStar Pipeline FERC No. 17.47.0 item 20, tender deduction: 0.05% of volume at $3.2600/gal = 6.85 ¢/bbl |
| Terminaling | 0.661 | published | NuStar Pipeline FERC No. 17.47.0 item Item 85: 27.77 ¢/bbl carrier terminal charge |
| Product adder | 6.511 | Sum of the lines above, over the origin spot price |
Every published route, lowest adder first (11 of 11). Origins are priced at the same index here. "Origin must be cheaper by" is how far below the lowest route's origin a route's own origin price has to be before that route wins.
| Origin | Pipeline | Delivery point | Terminals | Line-haul | Carrying | Loss | Terminaling | Adder ¢/gal | Days | Origin must be cheaper by | Tariff |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McPherson, KS | NuStar Pipeline | Milford, IA | Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | 5.06 | 0.63 | 0.16* | 0.66* | 6.51 | 11.9 | — | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100 |
| Arkansas City, KS / Wichita, KS / El Dorado, KS / Conway, KS | NuStar Pipeline | Milford, IA | Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | 5.28 | 0.64 | 0.16* | 0.66* | 6.74 | 12.2 | 0.23 | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100 |
| Ponca City, OK | NuStar Pipeline joint rate | Milford, IA | Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | 5.28 | 0.69 | 0.16* | 0.66* | 6.80 | 13.2 | 0.28 | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 130 |
| McPherson, KS | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 6.70 | 0.63 | 0.16* | 1.50 | 9.00 | 11.9 | 2.48 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 255 |
| Kansas (Coffeyville/El Dorado/Kansas City Jct.) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 6.70 | 0.64 | 0.16* | 1.50 | 9.01 | 12.2 | 2.50 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 201 |
| Oklahoma Central (Ponca City) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 6.70 | 0.69 | 0.16* | 1.50 | 9.06 | 13.2 | 2.55 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 200 |
| Minneapolis (Pine Bend/St Paul Park/Roseville/Rosemount) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 7.90 | 0.49 | 0.16* | 1.50 | 10.05 | 9.2 | 3.54 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 205 |
| Wynnewood, OK | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 8.69 | 0.78 | 0.16* | 1.50 | 11.13 | 14.8 | 4.62 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 204 |
| Superior, WI | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 9.60 | 0.57 | 0.16* | 1.50 | 11.83 | 10.8 | 5.32 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 206 |
| Wynnewood, OK / Ardmore, OK (Valero Partners Wynnewood) | Magellan Midstream joint rate | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 9.40 | 0.78 | 0.65 | 1.50 | 12.33 | 14.8 | 5.82 | FERC No. 197.9.0 item 200 |
| Wichita - Kansas City Interconnect (Phillips 66 Carrier) | Magellan Midstream joint rate | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 9.66 | 0.65 | 0.98* | 1.50 | 12.79 | 12.3 | 6.28 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 240 |
Diesel: product adder
- ¢/gal · lowest adder
- 6.86
- ¢/gal · line-haul tariff · published
- 5.06
- ¢/gal · carrying cost · calculated
- 0.91
- ¢/gal · pipeline loss · published
- 0.24
- ¢/gal · terminaling · published
- 0.66
- days financed
- 11.9
Lowest route: from McPherson, KS on NuStar Pipeline to Milford, IA (FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100).
How the lowest adder is worked, line by line
| Line | ¢/gal | Basis | Source or working |
|---|---|---|---|
| Line-haul tariff | 5.058 | published | NuStar Pipeline FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100: McPherson, KS → Milford, IA, 212.43 ¢/bbl |
| Carrying cost | 0.906 | calculated | $4.700000/gal × 5.9000% ÷ 365 × 11.931 days (4.431 in transit, 2.50 waiting on the cycle, 5.00 in terminal inventory); transit estimated: 425 pipeline miles at 4.0 mph (general estimate) |
| Pipeline loss | 0.235 | published | NuStar Pipeline FERC No. 17.47.0 item 20, tender deduction: 0.05% of volume at $4.7000/gal = 9.87 ¢/bbl |
| Terminaling | 0.661 | published | NuStar Pipeline FERC No. 17.47.0 item Item 85: 27.77 ¢/bbl carrier terminal charge |
| Product adder | 6.860 | Sum of the lines above, over the origin spot price |
Every published route, lowest adder first (11 of 11). Origins are priced at the same index here. "Origin must be cheaper by" is how far below the lowest route's origin a route's own origin price has to be before that route wins.
| Origin | Pipeline | Delivery point | Terminals | Line-haul | Carrying | Loss | Terminaling | Adder ¢/gal | Days | Origin must be cheaper by | Tariff |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McPherson, KS | NuStar Pipeline | Milford, IA | Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | 5.06 | 0.91 | 0.24* | 0.66* | 6.86 | 11.9 | — | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100 |
| Arkansas City, KS / Wichita, KS / El Dorado, KS / Conway, KS | NuStar Pipeline | Milford, IA | Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | 5.28 | 0.93 | 0.24* | 0.66* | 7.10 | 12.2 | 0.24 | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100 |
| Ponca City, OK | NuStar Pipeline joint rate | Milford, IA | Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | 5.28 | 1.00 | 0.24* | 0.66* | 7.17 | 13.2 | 0.31 | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 130 |
| McPherson, KS | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 6.70 | 0.91 | 0.24* | 1.50 | 9.35 | 11.9 | 2.48 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 255 |
| Kansas (Coffeyville/El Dorado/Kansas City Jct.) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 6.70 | 0.93 | 0.24* | 1.50 | 9.37 | 12.2 | 2.51 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 201 |
| Oklahoma Central (Ponca City) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 6.70 | 1.00 | 0.24* | 1.50 | 9.44 | 13.2 | 2.58 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 200 |
| Minneapolis (Pine Bend/St Paul Park/Roseville/Rosemount) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 7.90 | 0.70 | 0.24* | 1.50 | 10.33 | 9.2 | 3.47 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 205 |
| Wynnewood, OK | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 8.69 | 1.13 | 0.24* | 1.50 | 11.55 | 14.8 | 4.69 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 204 |
| Superior, WI | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 9.60 | 0.82 | 0.24* | 1.50 | 12.16 | 10.8 | 5.29 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 206 |
| Wynnewood, OK / Ardmore, OK (Valero Partners Wynnewood) | Magellan Midstream joint rate | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 9.40 | 1.13 | 0.94 | 1.50 | 12.97 | 14.8 | 6.11 | FERC No. 197.9.0 item 200 |
| Wichita - Kansas City Interconnect (Phillips 66 Carrier) | Magellan Midstream joint rate | Milford, IA | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | 9.66 | 0.94 | 1.41* | 1.50 | 13.51 | 12.3 | 6.65 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 240 |
Inputs and assumptions behind these figures
- Product value (for carrying cost and loss only): the prior day's spot price. Gasoline: OilPriceAPI GASOLINE_RBOB_USD, 2026-10-07. Diesel: OilPriceAPI HEATING_OIL_USD, 2026-10-07. These are the New York Harbor futures benchmarks, not a Gulf Coast price.
- Interest rate: SOFR 3.90% (2026-10-06) + 2.0 points.
- Transit (estimate): straight-line miles between the tariff origin and delivery point × 1.15, at 4.0 mph unless the pipeline has its own figure.
- Days financed (estimate): transit, plus half a 5-day shipping cycle waiting to lift, plus 5 days of stock at the terminal.
- Pipeline loss: the charge or volume deduction the tariff states, where it states one (marked *; a deduction is costed at the product value above). Otherwise an estimate of 0.10% of product value per pipeline, two for a joint rate; that includes pipelines that share out actual losses without publishing a figure.
- Terminaling: the carrier's terminal charge where its tariff states one (marked *), otherwise a flat 1.5¢/gal estimate.
- Rates used: each pipeline's ordinary filed rate. Committed, volume-tier, discount and bid rates are left out, as are conditional fees (shown on each pipeline page), additives, taxes and the value of line space.
- Assumption set in force from 2026-10-01; review by 2027-01-01.
Published line-haul rates, all products and rate types
- ¢/gal · cheapest gasoline · from McPherson, KS on NuStar Pipeline
- 5.06
- ¢/gal · cheapest diesel · from McPherson, KS on NuStar Pipeline
- 5.06
- ¢/gal · cheapest jet fuel · from Wynnewood, OK / Ardmore, OK on Magellan Midstream
- 9.40
| Origin | Pipeline | Delivery point | Product | ¢/bbl | ¢/gal | Refineries at the origin | Tariff |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McPherson, KS | NuStar Pipeline | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 212.43 | 5.06 | CHS McPherson Refinery | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100 |
| Arkansas City, KS / Wichita, KS / El Dorado, KS / Conway, KS | NuStar Pipeline | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 221.67 | 5.28 | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 100 | |
| Ponca City, OK | NuStar Pipeline | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 221.67 | 5.28 | Phillips 66 Ponca City Refinery | FERC No. 17.47.0 item 130 |
| Oklahoma Central (Ponca City) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 281.56 | 6.70 | Phillips 66 Ponca City Refinery | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 200 |
| Kansas (Coffeyville/El Dorado/Kansas City Jct.) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 281.56 | 6.70 | HF Sinclair El Dorado Refinery | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 201 |
| McPherson, KS | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 281.56 | 6.70 | CHS McPherson Refinery | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 255 |
| Minneapolis (Pine Bend/St Paul Park/Roseville/Rosemount) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 331.70 | 7.90 | Flint Hills Resources Pine Bend Refinery | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 205 |
| Wynnewood, OK | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 364.82 | 8.69 | CVR Wynnewood Refinery | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 204 |
| Wynnewood, OK / Ardmore, OK (Valero Partners Wynnewood) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate, jet fuel | 394.76 | 9.40 | Valero Ardmore Refinery; CVR Wynnewood Refinery | FERC No. 197.9.0 item 200 |
| Superior, WI | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 403.17 | 9.60 | Cenovus Superior Refinery | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 206 |
| Wichita - Kansas City Interconnect (Phillips 66 Carrier) | Magellan Midstream | Milford, IA | gasoline, distillate | 405.75 | 9.66 | FERC No. 160.59.0 item 240 |
Supply resilience
- pipeline supply
- Limited
- pipeline systems delivering
- 2
- terminals on two or more pipelines
- 0
- terminals with no pipeline tariff
- 1
Two pipeline systems deliver here: one can cover for the other where a terminal is on both.
If a pipeline system goes down
| Pipeline system | Terminals it reaches here | With no other pipeline | Which |
|---|---|---|---|
| Magellan Midstream | 1 | 1 | Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. |
| NuStar Pipeline | 1 | 1 | Nustar Energy Milford Terminal |
Counts pipeline systems with a tariff delivery point here, not capacity, storage or contracts. A system with two lines into the market still counts once, and a terminal with one pipeline may also receive by truck, rail or water. For a refinery or pipeline outage across every market it touches, open that facility’s page.
Delivered ethanol cost
- ¢/gal over Chicago ethanol · lowest in the market
- -10.10
- ¢/gal over Chicago ethanol · highest
- -10.10
An estimate for each terminal: the cheapest of published rail rates and trucking from the nearest plants, plus basis, transload, terminaling and carrying cost. Each terminal page shows the build-up line by line.
| Terminal | ¢/gal over Chicago | By | From | Miles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jackson -Ngl | -10.10 | truck | Valero Renewable Fuels LLC (Welcome, MN) | 25 |
| Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P. | -10.10 | truck | Valero Renewable Fuels LLC (Hartley, IA) | 24 |
| Nustar Energy Milford Terminal | -10.10 | truck | Valero Renewable Fuels LLC (Hartley, IA) | 24 |
Nearby rack markets
Rack markets within 75 miles (straight line): where a buyer here could also lift.
| Rack market | Miles | Terminals | Pipelines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rock Rapids, IA | 54 | 1 | 1 |
| Lemars, IA | 70 | 1 | 1 |
| Mankato, MN | 73 | 1 | 1 |
Rates are pipeline line-haul transcribed from published FERC tariffs; every figure cites its tariff and item. Cost to serve (netback) adds origin spot price and destination fees. "Confirmed" links match a tariff delivery point to the facility; "same city" means the point is in the facility's city — plausible, not proof; "per research" means the facility's research profile names the pipeline as an outlet.